B lymphocyte activation in immune response. Animation showing the cellular mechanisms by which B lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are activated during an immune response. At top left, antigens (red dots) from a microbe (orange) enter an APC (antigen-presenting cell, purple), and also attach to the antibodies on a B lymphocyte (B cell, green, lower left). Back in the APC cell, interleukin is secreted to an attached T helper cell. Interleukin is also secreted by the T helper cell when attached to the B cell (lower centre). The result (arrows at lower right) is the production of antibodies by the plasmocyte cells (yellow). The antibodies cover the microbes, allowing them to be identified and destroyed by other immune system cells. The final part of the animation shows the antibodies for this particular infection being stored by a memory cell (light yellow, upper right). These survive for an average of ten years and help fight future infections. For this animation with labels, see K004/1990. |