Structural symmetry of an emerald, illustration
Bildnummer 12539269
| Structural symmetry of an emerald, illustration. Emerald is a variety of beryl, a mineral built around 12-membered crown-shaped rings of six tetrahedral silicon atoms (blue) alternating with six bridging oxygen atoms (violet). Each silicon atom is also bonded to two other oxygen atoms that are shared with beryllium(2+) and aluminium(3+) cations. These metal ions form a second ring that encloses the first. The outer ring has six aluminium oxide (AlO6) octahedra (light green) alternating with six tetrahedral beryllium oxide (BeO4) groups (darker green). The rings create channels that contain caesium(+) (yellow-green) and sodium(+) (lavender) ions. Pure beryl is colourless, but trace amounts of impurities give coloured gemstones. Emerald is a green form of beryl contaminated with chromium(3+) in some of the aluminium(3+) sites. The pale blue aquamarine has iron(2+) impurities; iron(3+) impurities give golden heliodor, and morganite is pink due to manganese(2+). | |
| Lizenzart: | Lizenzpflichtig |
| Credit: | Science Photo Library / GREG WILLIAMS |
| Bildgröße: | 4800 px × 5700 px |
| Modell-Rechte: | nicht erforderlich |
| Eigentums-Rechte: | nicht erforderlich |
| Restrictions: | - |
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