Lyme disease cycle, illustration. Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (lower left), producing a rash, fever, and nerve and heart problems. The bacterium infects humans and animals, and is spread by ticks. A deer tick (Ixodes scapularis) is at lower right. The two-year cycle is seasonal, with the seasons colour-coded: spring (green), summer (yellow), autumn (orange) and winter (grey). Eight stages are shown: (1) Tick eggs hatch in spring; (2) Tick larvae feed on the blood of rodents or birds and are infected by the bacterium; (3) Tick larvae overwinter in leaf litter developing into nymphs; (4) Tick nymphs emerge in spring; (5) and (6) Tick nymphs feed on dogs, deer and humans, transmitting the bacterium; (7) Tick adults overwinter; (8) Tick eggs are laid in spring, completing the cycle. |